Hamwe nogukomeza kunoza imyumvire yisi yose yo kurengera ibidukikije hamwe n’ibisabwa byihutirwa mu iterambere rirambye, ibikoresho gakondo bihura n’ibibazo byinshi, kandi ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije byagaragaye nk’ibinyabuzima bigenda bigaragara. Iyi ngingo irasobanura byinshi ku biranga, ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ndetse n’umusaruro w’ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, isesengura byimazeyo ibyifuzo byayo mu gupakira, imyenda, ubwubatsi, ubuhinzi n’izindi nzego, ikanasobanura amahirwe n’ibibazo byugarije, dutegereje ibizagerwaho mu iterambere ry’ejo hazaza. , igamije gutanga ibisobanuro byuzuye kubakoresha inganda, abashakashatsi nabafata ibyemezo, no gufasha guteza imbere ikoreshwa ryogutezimbere no kuzamura inganda ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije.
1. Intangiriro
Muri iki gihe, ibibazo by’ibidukikije byabaye kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bibuza iterambere ry’umuryango w’abantu. Ibikoresho gakondo nka plastiki na fibre ya chimique byateje ibibazo byinshi bikomeye nko kubura amikoro, gukoresha ingufu nyinshi, hamwe n’umwanda wera mugihe cyo gukora, gukoresha no gutunganya imyanda. Kuruhande rwibi, birihutirwa kubona ibikoresho bishya, byangirika kandi bitangiza ibidukikije. Nkigihingwa cyingenzi cyibiribwa gihingwa cyane kwisi, ibikomoka ku ngano mugikorwa cyo gutunganya, nk'ibyatsi by'ingano na bran ingano, byagaragaye ko bifite imbaraga nyinshi zo kwiteza imbere. Ingano ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije byahinduwe nikoranabuhanga rishya bigenda bigaragara buhoro buhoro kandi biteganijwe ko bizahindura inganda nyinshi.
2. Incamake yaingano ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije
Inkomoko n'ibigize ibikoresho fatizo
Ingano ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije bikomoka ahaniniibyatsi by'inganona bran. Ibyatsi by'ingano bikungahaye kuri selile, hemicellulose na lignine, kandi izo polimeri karemano zitanga ubufasha bwibanze kubintu. Cellulose ifite ibiranga imbaraga nyinshi hamwe na kristu yo hejuru, itanga ubukana bwibintu; hemicellulose iroroshye gutesha agaciro kandi irashobora kunoza imikorere yo gutunganya; lignin yongerera ubukana n'amazi birwanya ibikoresho. Ingano y'ibinyampeke ikungahaye kuri fibre y'ibiryo, poroteyine hamwe n'amavuta make, imyunyu ngugu, n'ibindi, bishobora kuzuza ibura ry'ibice by'ibyatsi kandi bigahindura imikorere y'ibikoresho, nko kunoza imiterere n'imiterere y'ubutaka, bigatuma bikenerwa cyane mu ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye. .
Gahunda yo kwitegura
Kugeza ubu, gahunda yo gutegura ingano yangiza ibidukikije ikubiyemo uburyo bwumubiri, imiti n’ibinyabuzima. Uburyo bufatika nko kumenagura imashini no gukanda bishyushye, kumenagura ibyatsi hanyuma bikabikora munsi yubushyuhe bwinshi hamwe n’umuvuduko mwinshi, biroroshye gukora kandi biri hasi kubiciro. Bakunze gukoreshwa mugutegura ibicuruzwa byibanze nkibikoresho byo kumeza hamwe namasahani; uburyo bwa chimique burimo esterification na etherification reaction, ikoresha reagent ya chimique kugirango ihindure imiterere ya molekile yibikoresho fatizo kugirango irusheho guhuza no kurwanya amazi yibikoresho kugirango byuzuze ibisabwa cyane mubipfunyika hamwe nimyenda, ariko harikibazo cyibisigisigi bya reagent; uburyo bwibinyabuzima bukoresha mikorobe cyangwa enzymes kugirango bitesha agaciro kandi bihindure ibikoresho bibisi. Inzira ni icyatsi kandi cyoroheje, kandi agaciro kongerewe agaciro ibikoresho byiza birashobora gutegurwa. Nyamara, inzitizi ndende ya fermentation hamwe nigiciro kinini cyimyiteguro ya enzyme igabanya porogaramu nini, kandi inyinshi murizo ziri muri laboratoire yubushakashatsi niterambere.
3. Ibyiza byibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije
Ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije
Ukurikije isuzuma ryubuzima, ingano zangiza ibidukikije zerekanye ibyiza byazo. Uburyo bwo gukura bwibikoresho fatizo bikurura karuboni kandi ikarekura ogisijeni, ifasha kugabanya ingaruka za parike; inzira yo kubyaza umusaruro ikoresha ingufu nke, igabanya cyane gushingira ku mbaraga z’ibinyabuzima ugereranije na peteroli ikomoka kuri peteroli; gutunganya imyanda nyuma yo kuyikoresha biroroshye, kandi irashobora kwangirika vuba mubidukikije, muri rusange ikabora mumazi atagira ingaruka, dioxyde de carbone na humus mumezi make kugeza kumyaka mike, bikemura neza ibibazo byibidukikije nko kwanduza ubutaka no guhagarika amazi. byatewe n "" imyaka ijana idahwitse "ya plastiki gakondo.
Kuvugurura ibikoresho
Nkigihingwa ngarukamwaka, ingano zatewe cyane kandi zifite umusaruro mwinshi ku isi buri mwaka, zishobora gukomeza kandi zihamye gutanga ibikoresho bihagije byo gutegura ibikoresho. Bitandukanye n’umutungo udashobora kuvugururwa nka peteroli n’amakara, igihe cyose umusaruro w’ubuhinzi uteganijwe mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro, ibikoresho fatizo by’ingano ntibishobora kurangira, ibyo bikaba bituma urwego rw’igihe kirekire rutanga inganda z’ibikoresho, bigabanya ingaruka z’inganda ziterwa no kubura umutungo, kandi ihuje n'igitekerezo cy'ubukungu buzenguruka.
Imikorere idasanzwe
Ingano zangiza ibidukikije zifite ubushyuhe bwiza hamwe nubwiza bwamajwi, zikomoka kumiterere yimbere ya fibre fibre. Umwuka urawuzuza kugirango ube inzitizi karemano, ifite ibyiza byingenzi mubijyanye no kubaka ibibaho; icyarimwe, ibikoresho biroroshye muburyo bwimiterere kandi bifite ubucucike buke ugereranije, bigabanya uburemere bwibicuruzwa kandi byorohereza ubwikorezi no gukoresha. Kurugero, mubijyanye no gupakira ikirere, bigabanya ibiciro mugihe byemeza imikorere ikingira; mubyongeyeho, ifite na antibacterial zimwe na zimwe. Ibigize ibintu bisanzwe mubyatsi by ingano hamwe ningano by ingano bigira ingaruka mbi kumikurire ya mikorobe zimwe na zimwe, bikongerera igihe cyibicuruzwa, kandi bifite ibyiringiro byinshi mubisabwa gupakira ibiryo.
4. Gukoresha imirima yibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije
Inganda zipakira
Mu rwego rwo gupakira, ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije bigenda bisimbuza buhoro buhoro ibipfunyika bya pulasitiki. Kubijyanye nibikoresho byo kumeza, amasahani, agasanduku ka sasita, ibyatsi, nibindi bikozwe mubyatsi by ingano bisa nkibisa na plastiki, ariko ntabwo ari uburozi kandi ntiburyoheye, kandi ntibirekura imiti yangiza iyo bishyushye, byujuje ibyifuzo byo gutanga ibiryo. Amasosiyete manini yo kugaburira manini yatangiye kugerageza no kuyateza imbere; mubipfunyika byihuse, ibikoresho byo kwisiga, amabahasha, namakarito bikozwemo bikoreshwa mukuzuza umurongo, ufite imikorere myiza yo kuryama, kurinda ibicuruzwa kandi byangirika icyarimwe, bikagabanya kwirundanyiriza imyanda ya Express. Imiyoboro ya e-ubucuruzi hamwe n’amasosiyete yihuta yarayigerageje, kandi biteganijwe ko izavugurura sisitemu yo gupakira icyatsi kibisi.
Inganda
Fibre ya selile ikurwa mubyatsi by ingano hamwe ningano, hanyuma bigatunganywa muburyo bushya bwimyenda yimyenda binyuze muburyo budasanzwe bwo kuzunguruka. Ubu bwoko bwimyenda yoroshye kandi yoroheje uruhu, ihumeka, kandi ifite uburyo bwiza bwo kwinjiza neza kuruta ipamba nziza. Yumye kandi yorohewe kwambara, kandi ifite ibara ryayo nuburyo bwayo. Ifite agaciro keza keza kandi yagaragaye mubice byimyambarire yo murwego rwohejuru nibikoresho byo murugo. Ibiranga imideli bimwe na bimwe byashyize ahagaragara imyenda ntoya ya fibre fibre, byashimishije isoko kandi byinjiza imbaraga mugutezimbere imyambarire irambye.
Inganda zubaka
Nkibikoresho byo kubika inyubako, ingano zangiza ibidukikije ziroroshye kuyishyiraho, kandi ingaruka zokwirinda zagereranywa nizisanzwe za polystirene, ariko hatabayeho gukongoka kwa gaze hamwe nuburozi bwa gaze yuburozi, kuzamura umutekano wumuriro winyubako; icyarimwe, zikoreshwa mugushushanya imbere, nkibibaho byo kurukuta hamwe nigisenge, kugirango habeho ikirere gisanzwe kandi gishyushye, kandi gishobora no guhindura ubuhehere bwimbere mu nzu, gukuramo impumuro nziza, no kurema ubuzima bwiza. Imishinga imwe yo kwerekana inyubako y’ibidukikije yarayifashe ku bwinshi, iyobora icyerekezo cyibikoresho byubaka.
Ubuhinzi
Mu musaruro w'ubuhinzi, inkono z'ingemwe n'imbuto zakozwe mu ngano zangiza ibidukikije bigira uruhare runini. Inkono y'imbuto irashobora kwangirika bisanzwe, kandi nta mpamvu yo gukuraho inkono mugihe cyo gutera ingemwe, kwirinda kwangirika kwimizi no kuzamura ubuzima bwo guterwa; Ibibyatsi byangirika bitwikiriye imirima, bigumana ubushuhe kandi byongera ubushyuhe kugirango biteze imbere ibihingwa, kandi byangirika nyuma yigihembwe cy’ihinga kirangiye, bitagize ingaruka ku buhinzi butaha, bikemura ikibazo cy’ibisigazwa by’ibiti bya pulasitiki byangiza ubutaka kandi bikabangamira ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi, kandi bigateza imbere ibikorwa birambye. iterambere ry'ubuhinzi.
V. Inzitizi zihura niterambere ryibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije
Inzitizi ya tekiniki
Nubwo iterambere mubushakashatsi niterambere, ibibazo bya tekiniki biracyahari. Icyambere, gukora neza ibikoresho. Mu rwego rwo kunoza imbaraga no guhangana n’amazi kugirango uhuze ibintu bigoye gukoreshwa, tekinoroji ihari ntishobora kuringaniza ibiciro nibikorwa, bigabanya kwaguka kwimikorere ihanitse. Icya kabiri, inzira yumusaruro ntigihungabana, kandi ihindagurika ryibikoresho fatizo mubice bitandukanye biganisha ku bicuruzwa bitaringaniye, bigatuma bigorana kugera ku musaruro munini usanzwe, bigira ingaruka ku cyizere cy’ishoramari ry’ibigo no kuzamura isoko.
Impamvu zigiciro
Kugeza ubu, igiciro cyibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije biri hejuru yibyo bikoresho gakondo. Mu cyiciro cyo gukusanya ibikoresho fatizo, ibyatsi biranyanyagiye, radiyo yo gukusanya ni nini, kandi kubika biragoye, byongera amafaranga yo gutwara no kubika ububiko; murwego rwo kubyaza umusaruro, ibikoresho byateye imbere bishingiye kubitumizwa mu mahanga, gutegura ibinyabuzima bya enzyme biologiya hamwe na reagent yo guhindura imiti birahenze, kandi nubwo gukoresha ingufu zitanga umusaruro ari muke, biracyafite igice kinini cyibiciro; mugihe cyambere cyo kuzamura isoko, ingaruka yikigereranyo ntabwo yashizweho, kandi igiciro cyibicuruzwa ntigishobora kugabanuka. Nibibi byo guhatanira ibikoresho gakondo bihendutse, bibuza abaguzi ninganda guhitamo.
Kumenyekanisha isoko no kwemerwa
Abaguzi bamaze igihe kinini bamenyereye ibikoresho nibicuruzwa gakondo, kandi bafite ubumenyi buke kubidukikije byangiza ibidukikije. Bahangayikishijwe nigihe kirekire n'umutekano wabo, kandi bafite ubushake buke bwo kugura; kuruhande rwumushinga, bagarukira kubiciro nibibazo bya tekiniki kandi baritonda muguhindura ibikoresho bishya. By'umwihariko, imishinga mito n'iciriritse ibura amafaranga ya R&D n'impano, kandi biragoye kubikurikirana mugihe; hiyongereyeho, urwego rwo hasi rwinganda ntirufite ibikoresho bihagije, kandi harabura ibikoresho byo gutunganya no gutunganya umwuga wabigize umwuga, bigira ingaruka ku gutunganya ibicuruzwa biva mu myanda, kandi bikabuza kwaguka kw isoko ryimbere ryibikoresho.
VI. Ingamba zo gusubiza n'amahirwe yo kwiteza imbere
Inganda-kaminuza-ubushakashatsi ubufatanye kugirango bive mu ikoranabuhanga
Kaminuza, ibigo byubushakashatsi bwa siyanse ninganda bigomba gukorana cyane. Kaminuza zigomba guha umwanya wuzuye ibyiza byazo mubushakashatsi bwibanze no gucukumbura uburyo bushya bwo guhindura ibintu n'inzira za biotransformation; ibigo byubushakashatsi byubumenyi bigomba kwibanda kubikorwa byogutezimbere, kandi bigafatanya gukora ibicuruzwa byicyitegererezo hamwe ninganda kugirango bikemure ibibazo byumutekano muke; ibigo bigomba gutanga amafaranga nibitekerezo byisoko kugirango byihutishe inganda mubisubizo byubushakashatsi bwa siyanse, nko gushinga ibigo bihuriweho na R&D, kandi guverinoma igomba guhuza no gutanga inkunga ya politiki yo guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga no kuzamura.
Inkunga ya politiki igabanya ibiciro
Guverinoma yashyizeho politiki y’ingoboka kugira ngo itange inkunga yo gutwara abantu yo gukusanya ibikoresho fatizo kugira ngo igabanye ibiciro; uruhande rutanga umusaruro rusonerwa imisoro kubigura ibikoresho nubushakashatsi bushya bwikoranabuhanga niterambere kugirango dushishikarize ibigo kuvugurura ikoranabuhanga; inganda zo hasi zikoresha ingano zangiza ibidukikije, nkibipfunyika n’amasosiyete yubwubatsi, zihabwa inkunga yo gutanga amasoko y’icyatsi kugira ngo isoko ryiyongere, kandi binyuze mu nkunga y’uruganda rwose, rufasha kugabanya ibiciro no kugabanya itandukaniro ry’ibiciro hamwe n’ibikoresho gakondo.
Shimangira kumenyekanisha no kongera ubumenyi
Koresha itangazamakuru, imurikagurisha, hamwe nibikorwa bya siyansi bizwi cyane kugirango umenyekanishe ibyiza nibisabwa mubikoresho byangiza ibidukikije ukoresheje inzira nyinshi, kwerekana umutekano wibicuruzwa nicyemezo kiramba, kandi ukureho ibibazo byabaguzi; gutanga amahugurwa ya tekiniki no guhindura imikorere kubigo, gusangira inararibonye mu manza, no gukangurira ishyaka ibigo; shiraho amahame yinganda na sisitemu yo kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa, gutunganya isoko, korohereza abaguzi n’inganda kumenya no kwizerana, gushyiraho ibidukikije byiza by’inganda, no gufata neza ibidukikije n’amahirwe arambye y’iterambere ry’isoko.
VII. Ibizaza
Hamwe no guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, gukomeza kunoza politiki, no kurushaho kumenyekanisha isoko, ingano zangiza ibidukikije ziteganijwe kuzana iterambere riturika. Mu bihe biri imbere, hazavuka ibikoresho byinshi byuzuzanya byuzuye ingano, bizahuza ibyiza byibikoresho bitandukanye cyangwa sintetike, no kwaguka mubice byikoranabuhanga buhanitse nk'imodoka na elegitoroniki; ibikoresho byubwenge byumvikana by ingano bizagaragara, kugenzura-igihe-nyacyo kubidukikije no gushya kwibiribwa, guha imbaraga ibikoresho bipfunyika hamwe ningo zubwenge; Ihuriro ry’inganda rizashingwa, kandi urunigi rwose kuva guhinga ibikoresho bibisi, gutunganya ibikoresho kugeza gutunganya ibicuruzwa bizatera imbere muburyo buhujwe, kumenya imikoreshereze myiza yumutungo no kongera inyungu zinganda, bihinduke imbaraga zingenzi zinganda zicyatsi kibisi, no gushyiraho urufatiro rukomeye rwo gutera imbere kurambye kwabantu.
VIII. Umwanzuro
Ingano ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije, hamwe nibidukikije bidasanzwe, umutungo nibikorwa byiza, byagaragaje ibyerekezo byinshi mubice byinshi. Nubwo kuri ubu bahura n’ibibazo byinshi nkikoranabuhanga, ikiguzi, nisoko, biteganijwe ko bazaca mubibazo binyuze mumbaraga zihuriweho nimpande zose. Gukoresha amahirwe yo kwiteza imbere cyane ntibizakemura gusa ikibazo cy’ibidukikije cyazanywe n’ibikoresho gakondo, ahubwo bizanabyara inganda z’icyatsi kibisi, bigere ku ntsinzi-y’iterambere ry’ubukungu no kurengera ibidukikije, bizakingura ibihe bishya mu rwego rwa ibikoresho, no gukora urugo rwiza rwibidukikije kubisekuruza bizaza.