Hamwe n’isi igenda yita ku kurengera ibidukikije no kwiyongera ku bicuruzwa birambye ku baguzi,umuceri wo kumeza, nkibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije kandi bishobora kuvugururwa nibindi bikoresho, bigenda bigaragara kumasoko. Iyi raporo izasesengura byimazeyo uko inganda zimeze, uko iterambere ryifashe, uburyo bwo guhatanira isoko ku isoko, imbogamizi n’amahirwe y’ibikoresho byo kumeza byumuceri, kandi bitange ibyemezo bifata ibyemezo kubigo n'abashoramari bireba.
(I) Ibisobanuro n'ibiranga
Umuceri wo kumezaikozwe mumuceri nkibikoresho byingenzi kandi bitunganywa nikoranabuhanga ridasanzwe. Ifite ibintu bikurikira:
Ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije kandi birambye: Umuceri wumuceri nigicuruzwa cyo gutunganya umuceri, hamwe nisoko ryinshi kandi rishobora kuvugururwa. Gukoresha ibikoresho byo kumeza byumuceri birashobora kugabanya guterwa nibikoresho bisanzwe bya plastiki nibiti kandi bikagabanya ingaruka mbi kubidukikije.
Umutekano kandi udafite uburozi: Ibikoresho byo kumeza byumuceri ntabwo birimo ibintu byangiza nka bispenol A, phalite, nibindi, kandi ntabwo byangiza ubuzima bwabantu.
Kuramba: Ibikoresho byumuceri bivuwe byumuceri bifite imbaraga nyinshi kandi biramba, kandi ntibyoroshye kumena cyangwa guhindura.
Ibyiza kandi bitandukanye: Ibikoresho byumuceri wumuceri birashobora kwerekana isura nziza nuburyo butandukanye binyuze muburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya no gushushanya kugirango uhuze ibyifuzo byabaguzi batandukanye.
(II)Inzira yumusaruro
Igikorwa cyo kubyaza umusaruro umuceri wibikoresho byumuceri birimo intambwe zikurikira:
Gukusanya umuceri wumuceri no kwitegura: Kusanya umuceri wumuceri utangwa mugihe cyo gutunganya umuceri, ukureho umwanda n ivumbi, hanyuma ubumishe.
Kumenagura no kuvanga: Kata ibishishwa byumuceri wabigenewe mu ifu nziza hanyuma ubivange neza hamwe nigice runaka cyibisigazwa bisanzwe, bifata, nibindi.
Gushushanya: Ibikoresho bivanze bikozwe mumeza yuburyo butandukanye binyuze muburyo bwo kubumba nko gutera inshinge no gukanda.
Ubuvuzi bwo hejuru: Ibikoresho byabumbwe byavuwe hejuru, nko gusya, gusya, gutera, nibindi, kugirango ubuziranenge bugaragare kandi biramba kumeza.
Gupakira no kugenzura: Ibikoresho byo kumeza byuzuye birapakirwa kandi birasuzumwa neza kugirango ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge nibisabwa.
(I) Ingano yisoko
Mu myaka yashize, ingano yisoko yumuceri wibikoresho byumuceri yerekanye iterambere ryihuse. Hamwe no kurushaho kumenyekanisha ibidukikije ku baguzi no kwiyongera ku bicuruzwa birambye, umugabane w’isoko ry’ibicuruzwa by’umuceri byakomeje kwiyongera ku isi hose. Dukurikije imibare yaturutse mu bigo by’ubushakashatsi ku isoko, ingano y’isoko ry’ibicuruzwa by’umuceri ku isi yari hafi miliyari XX z'amadolari ya Amerika muri 2019 bikaba biteganijwe ko izagera kuri miliyari XX z'amadolari ya Amerika mu 2025, hamwe n’ubwiyongere buri mwaka bwa XX%.
(II) Ahantu nyaburanga
Kugeza ubu, igice kinini cy’ibicuruzwa by’ibicuruzwa byumuceri byibanda muri Aziya, cyane cyane mu bihugu bitanga umuceri nk’Ubushinwa, Ubuhinde, na Tayilande. Ibi bihugu bifite ubutunzi bwumuceri bukungahaye hamwe nubuhanga bukuze bukuze, kandi bufite umwanya wingenzi kumasoko yumuceri wumuceri ku isi. Byongeye kandi, ibigo bimwe na bimwe byo mu Burayi no muri Amerika ya Ruguru nabyo bitanga ibikoresho byo kumeza byumuceri, ariko isoko ryabo ni rito.
(III) Ahantu h'ingenzi hasabwa
Ibikoresho byumuceri wumuceri bikoreshwa cyane mumazu, resitora, amahoteri, gufata no mubindi bice. Hamwe no kurushaho kumenyekanisha ibidukikije no kwiyongera kubicuruzwa birambye, abaguzi benshi batangiye guhitamo umuceri wumuceri nkibikoresho byo kumeza bya buri munsi. Muri icyo gihe, amaresitora n'amahoteri amwe n'amwe byatangiye gufata ibikoresho byo kumeza byumuceri kugirango bongere isura y’ibidukikije. Byongeye kandi, iterambere ryihuse ryinganda zifata kandi ryatanze isoko ryagutse kumeza yumuceri.
(I) Isoko rikeneye kwiyongera
Mugihe isi yitaye ku kurengera ibidukikije ikomeje kwiyongera, abaguzi bakeneye ibicuruzwa birambye bizakomeza kwiyongera. Nkibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije kandi bishobora kuvugururwa kubikoresho byo kumeza, ibikoresho byumuceri wumuceri bizatoneshwa nabaguzi benshi. Biteganijwe ko isoko ryumuceri wibikoresho byumuceri bizakomeza gukomeza iterambere ryihuse mumyaka mike iri imbere.
(II) Guhanga udushya bitera iterambere ryinganda
Hamwe niterambere ryiterambere rya siyansi nikoranabuhanga, tekinoroji yumusaruro wumuceri wibiryo byumuceri nabyo bihora bishya. Kurugero, ibigo bimwe biteza imbere ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije kandi bikora neza kugirango bigabanye ibiciro byumusaruro no kuzamura ubwiza bwibicuruzwa. Muri icyo gihe, ibigo bimwe na bimwe bihora bitangiza ibicuruzwa bishya n'imikorere kugirango bihuze ibyifuzo bitandukanye byabaguzi. Guhanga udushya bizahinduka imbaraga zingenzi ziterambere ryinganda zumuceri.
(III) Kwihutisha guhuza inganda
Hamwe no gukaza umurego mu guhatanira isoko, umuvuduko wo guhuza inganda zumuceri wibiryo byihuta. Amasosiyete mato mato na tekinoroji asubira inyuma azavaho, mugihe ibigo binini binini kandi byateye imbere mu ikoranabuhanga bizagura umugabane w’isoko kandi byongere ingufu mu nganda binyuze mu guhuza no kugura. Guhuriza hamwe inganda bizafasha kuzamura ubushobozi muri rusange bwumuceri wibikoresho byumuceri.
(IV) Kwagura isoko mpuzamahanga
Kubera ko isi igenda yiyongera ku bicuruzwa birambye, amahirwe mpuzamahanga ku isoko ry’ibicuruzwa byumuceri ni byinshi. Amasosiyete yo mu bihugu bikomeye bitanga umuceri nk’Ubushinwa n’Ubuhinde azagura byimazeyo amasoko mpuzamahanga kandi yongere imigabane yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Muri icyo gihe, amasosiyete amwe n'amwe azongera ishoramari mu isoko ry'umuceri wo mu bwoko bw'umuceri kugira ngo bahatane ku isoko. Kwagura isoko mpuzamahanga bizaba icyerekezo cyingenzi mugutezimbere inganda zumuceri.
(I) Abanywanyi nyamukuru
Kugeza ubu, abanywanyi nyamukuru ku isoko ryumuceri wibicuruzwa byumuceri harimo abakora ibikoresho bya pulasitiki gakondo, abakora ibikoresho byo kumeza yimbaho ​​hamwe nabandi bakora ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije. Uruganda rukora ibikoresho bya pulasitiki gakondo rufite ibyiza nkibipimo binini, bidahenze ndetse n’umugabane munini ku isoko, ariko hamwe no kurushaho kumenyekanisha ibidukikije, umugabane wabo ku isoko uzagenda usimburwa buhoro buhoro n’ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije. Ibicuruzwa byabakora ibikoresho byo kumeza bikozwe mubiti bifite ibiranga kamere nubwiza, ariko kubera umutungo muke wibiti hamwe nibibazo byo kurengera ibidukikije, iterambere ryabo naryo rirabuzwa. Abandi bakora ibikoresho byo kumeza bidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, nkibikoresho byo kumeza, ibikoresho bya pulasitiki byangirika, nibindi, nabo bazahatana nibikoresho byumuceri.
(II) Isesengura ryinyungu zo guhatanira
Ibyiza byo guhatanira amasosiyete yumuceri yamashanyarazi agaragarira cyane cyane mubice bikurikira:
Ibyiza by ibidukikije: Ibikoresho byumuceri wumuceri nibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije kandi bishobora kuvugururwa byujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa kwisi yose kurengera ibidukikije.
Inyungu yikiguzi: Hamwe niterambere ryiterambere rya tekinoroji yumusaruro, igiciro cyumusaruro wibikoresho byumuceri wumuceri wagabanutse buhoro buhoro, kandi ugereranije nibikoresho gakondo bya pulasitiki nibikoresho byo kumeza, bifite inyungu zimwe.
Ibyiza byibicuruzwa: Ibikoresho byumuceri bivuwe byumwihariko bifite imbaraga nigihe kirekire, ntabwo byoroshye kumeneka cyangwa guhindura, kandi bifite ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa.
Akarusho ko guhanga udushya: Amasosiyete amwe yumuceri yamashanyarazi akomeje gushyira ahagaragara ibicuruzwa bishya nibikorwa bishya kugirango abakiriya babone ibyo bakeneye, kandi bafite ibyiza byo guhanga udushya.
(III) Isesengura ry'ingamba zo guhangana
Kugirango ugaragare mumarushanwa akaze yisoko, amasosiyete yumuceri yumuceri arashobora gufata ingamba zikurikira zo guhatanira:
Guhanga ibicuruzwa: Gukomeza gutangiza ibicuruzwa nibikorwa bishya kugirango uhuze ibyifuzo bitandukanye byabaguzi no kuzamura ubushobozi bwibicuruzwa.
Kubaka ibicuruzwa: Shimangira kubaka ibicuruzwa, kunoza kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa no kumenyekana, no gushyiraho ishusho nziza yibigo.
Kwagura umuyoboro: Kwagura cyane imiyoboro yo kugurisha, harimo imiyoboro yo kumurongo no kumurongo wa interineti, kugirango wongere isoko ryibicuruzwa.
Kugenzura ibiciro: Kugenzura ibiciro byumusaruro no kuzamura inyungu zinganda mugutezimbere umusaruro no kugabanya ibiciro fatizo.
Ubufatanye bwa win-win: Gushiraho umubano wubufatanye ninganda zo hejuru no hepfo, ibigo byubushakashatsi bwa siyanse, nibindi kugirango dufatanye guteza imbere inganda.
(I) Ibibazo byahuye nabyo
Inzitizi ya tekiniki: Kugeza ubu, haracyari imbogamizi mu ikoranabuhanga ryo kubyaza umusaruro umuceri w’ibicuruzwa byumuceri, nkimbaraga nigihe kirekire cyibicuruzwa bigomba kunozwa, gukoresha ingufu nibibazo by’umwanda mubikorwa byo gukora, nibindi.
Igiciro kinini: Ugereranije nibikoresho bya pulasitiki gakondo, igiciro cyumusaruro wibicuruzwa byumuceri wumuceri ni mwinshi, bigabanya kuzamura isoko kurwego runaka.
Kumenyekanisha isoko rito: Kubera ko ibikoresho byo kumeza byumuceri ari ubwoko bushya bwibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije, abaguzi baracyabimenyereye, kandi kumenyekanisha isoko no kuzamura isoko bigomba gushimangirwa.
Inkunga ya politiki idahagije: Kugeza ubu, inkunga ya politiki y’ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije nk’ibiryo byangiza umuceri ntibihagije, kandi leta ikeneye kongera inkunga ya politiki.
(II) Amahirwe yahuye nayo
Guteza imbere politiki yo kurengera ibidukikije: Mu gihe isi yitaye cyane ku kurengera ibidukikije, guverinoma z’ibihugu bitandukanye zashyizeho politiki yo kurengera ibidukikije ishishikariza inganda gukora no gukoresha ibicuruzwa bitangiza ibidukikije. Ibi bizatanga inkunga ya politiki yo guteza imbere inganda zumuceri.
Kumenyekanisha ibidukikije ku baguzi biriyongera: Uko abakiriya bamenya ibidukikije byiyongera, icyifuzo cy’ibicuruzwa birambye kizakomeza kwiyongera. Nkibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije kandi bishobora kuvugururwa, ibikoresho byumuceri wumuceri bizinjiza mumasoko yagutse.
Guhanga udushya bizana amahirwe: Hamwe nogukomeza gutera imbere mubumenyi nubuhanga, tekinoroji yumusaruro wibicuruzwa byumuceri wumuceri bizakomeza guhanga udushya, ubwiza nigikorwa cyibicuruzwa bizakomeza gutera imbere, kandi ibiciro bizagenda bigabanuka buhoro buhoro. Ibi bizazana amahirwe yo guteza imbere inganda zumuceri.
Amahirwe yo kwagura isoko mpuzamahanga: Hamwe no kwiyongera kwisi yose kubicuruzwa birambye, amahirwe mpuzamahanga kumasoko mpuzamahanga kumeza yumuceri yumuceri aragutse. Ibigo mu bihugu bikomeye bitanga umuceri nk'Ubushinwa n'Ubuhinde bizagura cyane isoko mpuzamahanga kandi byongere imigabane yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze.
(I) Gushimangira ubushakashatsi n'ikoranabuhanga
Kongera ishoramari mubushakashatsi no guteza imbere tekinoroji yumuceri wibicuruzwa byumuceri, kunoza imbaraga nigihe kirekire cyibicuruzwa, no kugabanya ikoreshwa ryingufu nibibazo byumwanda mubikorwa byumusaruro. Muri icyo gihe, shimangira ubufatanye n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi mu bya siyansi kugira ngo dufatanye gutsinda ibibazo bya tekiniki no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga mu nganda.
(II) Kugabanya ibiciro byumusaruro
Kugabanya ikiguzi cy'umusaruro wameza yumuceri mugutezimbere umusaruro, kunoza umusaruro, no kugabanya ibiciro byibanze. Muri icyo gihe, guverinoma irashobora gushyiraho politiki iboneye yo gutanga inkunga zimwe na zimwe no gutanga imisoro ku bakora ibicuruzwa byo mu bwoko bw'umuceri kugira ngo bagabanye umusaruro w'inganda.
(III) Shimangira kumenyekanisha isoko no kuzamura
Gushimangira kumenyekanisha isoko no guteza imbere ibikoresho byumuceri wumuceri kugirango abakiriya barusheho kubimenya no kubyemera. Ibyiza bidukikije no gukoresha agaciro k'ibikoresho byo kumeza byumuceri birashobora kuzamurwa kubaguzi binyuze mu kwamamaza, kuzamura, umubano rusange nubundi buryo, kandi abaguzi barashobora kuyoborwa no guhitamo ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije.
(IV) Kongera inkunga ya politiki
Guverinoma ikwiye kongera inkunga ya politiki y’ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije nk’ibiryo by’umuceri, gushyiraho politiki iboneye, no gushishikariza inganda gukora no gukoresha ibicuruzwa bitangiza ibidukikije. Iterambere ryinganda zumuceri zirashobora gushyigikirwa binyuze mumfashanyo yimari, gutanga imisoro, amasoko ya leta, nibindi.
(V) Kwagura isoko mpuzamahanga
Kwagura cyane isoko mpuzamahanga no kongera umugabane wohereza hanze kumeza yumuceri. Mu kwitabira imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga no gufatanya n’amasosiyete mpuzamahanga, dushobora kumva isoko mpuzamahanga rikenewe, kuzamura ubuziranenge no guhangana ku bicuruzwa, no kwagura isoko mpuzamahanga.
Umwanzuro: Nkibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije kandi bishobora kuvugururwa, ibikoresho byumuceri wumuceri bifite isoko ryagutse hamwe niterambere ryiterambere. Hamwe n’isi yose igenda yita ku kurengera ibidukikije ndetse n’abaguzi biyongera ku bicuruzwa birambye, uruganda rukora ibikoresho by’umuceri ruzatanga amahirwe yo kwihuta mu iterambere. Muri icyo gihe, uruganda rukora ibikoresho byo kumeza byumuceri narwo ruhura ningorane nkibibazo bya tekinike, ibiciro byinshi, no kumenya isoko rito. Kugirango tugere ku majyambere arambye y’inganda, inganda zigomba gushimangira ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga, kugabanya ibiciro by’umusaruro, no gushimangira kumenyekanisha isoko no kuzamura iterambere. Guverinoma ikwiye kongera inkunga ya politiki kugirango ifatanyirize hamwe guteza imbere inganda zikora umuceri.